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Artichoke Leaf Extract (Cynara scolymus / Cynara cardunculus)
Artichoke leaf extract has two evidence stories worth taking seriously and a much bigger marketing story that is not.
- Evidence
- Mixed Evidence
- Category
- Heart & Cardiovascular
- Best form
- Standardized leaf extract (2-5% caffeoylquinic acids, the marker compounds for cynarin and chlorogenic acid)
- Effective dose
- 320-1800mg of standardized leaf extract per day for cholesterol (extracts standardized to 2-5% caffeoylquinic acids or 13-18% chlorogenic acid)
- Lab tested
- 4 of 8 products
- Category
- Heart & Cardiovascular
- Best form
- Standardized leaf extract (2-5% caffeoylquinic acids, the marker compounds for cynarin and chlorogenic acid)
- Effective dose
- 320-1800mg of standardized leaf extract per day for cholesterol (extracts standardized to 2-5% caffeoylquinic acids or 13-18% chlorogenic acid)
- Lab tested
- 4 of 8 products
Key takeaways
- →Best-evidenced uses are mildly elevated cholesterol (modest 4-18% total cholesterol reduction depending on baseline) and functional dyspepsia (320mg three times daily for six weeks).
- →Buy extracts standardized to caffeoylquinic acids (2-5%) or chlorogenic acid (13-18%) - plain 'milligrams of artichoke leaf' without a standardization percentage is uninterpretable.
- →Smaller effect sizes than any statin; appropriate as adjunct to diet and lifestyle, not a substitute for lipid therapy in established cardiovascular risk.
- →Asteraceae allergy (ragweed, daisies, chrysanthemums) is a real cross-reactivity concern; avoid in bile duct obstruction due to the cholagogue effect.
What Is Artichoke Leaf Extract (Cynara scolymus / Cynara cardunculus)?
Artichoke leaf extract has two evidence stories worth taking seriously and a much bigger marketing story that is not. The cholesterol thesis is the strongest piece. Englisch's 2000 Novartis trial in 143 adults with total cholesterol above 280 mg/dL gave 1,800 mg of standardized extract per day for six weeks and saw total cholesterol drop 18.5 percent versus 8.6 percent on placebo and LDL drop 22.9 percent versus 6.3 percent. The Bundy 2008 trial took the same idea into a less impaired population, 75 otherwise healthy adults with mildly elevated cholesterol, gave 1,280 mg per day for 12 weeks, and saw total cholesterol fall 4.2 percent versus a 1.9 percent rise on placebo, with no significant change in LDL. The Cochrane review by Wider, Pittler, and Thompson-Coon pooled three RCTs and concluded artichoke "has potential in lowering cholesterol levels, but the evidence is, as yet, not convincing." That is the honest read. The mechanism is plausible: Gebhardt's in vitro work in primary hepatocytes and HepG2 cells shows artichoke extract inhibits cholesterol biosynthesis, and the cynarin and caffeoylquinic acid fraction also stimulates bile flow, which moves cholesterol out of the enterohepatic loop.
The functional dyspepsia signal is the second story. Holtmann's 2003 multicentre placebo-controlled trial gave 244 functional dyspepsia patients 320 mg of standardized leaf extract three times daily with meals for six weeks and saw significantly greater symptom improvement on the Nepean Dyspepsia Index, plus a meaningful quality-of-life gain. Marakis 2002 was an open-label dose-finding study that established the cholagogue effect translates into perceived relief from post-meal fullness and bloating. Bundy 2004 did a post-hoc subset analysis in the dyspepsia cohort and reported an IBS symptom signal, which is interesting but should not be read as primary evidence for IBS.
Everything else is thinner. Roghani-Dehkordi 2009 saw a modest blood pressure reduction in mild hypertensives drinking artichoke leaf juice, single small trial, not replicated at supplement doses. Ebrahimi-Mameghani 2018 looked at insulin sensitivity in metabolic syndrome and found a TCF7L2 genotype-dependent effect, exploratory work. Anything you read about artichoke and weight loss, fatty liver "cleansing," or detoxification is either extrapolation from the cholesterol mechanism or marketing.
Practical bottom line: artichoke is reasonable as adjunct support for mildly elevated cholesterol, especially in people who do not want to start a statin yet and are working on diet and exercise. It is reasonable as a six-week trial for functional dyspepsia or post-meal fullness. It is not a substitute for lipid-lowering therapy in established cardiovascular risk, and the percent reductions in even the best trial are smaller than what any statin delivers. The extract you buy matters more than the brand name. Standardization to caffeoylquinic acids or chlorogenic acid is the spec to look for. Plain "milligrams of artichoke leaf" without a standardization percentage tells you almost nothing about what is in the capsule.
Does It Work? The Evidence
How A-F grades workTotal cholesterol reduction in mild-to-moderate hyperlipidemia
Bundy 2008 RCT (n=75, 1,280mg/day x 12 weeks): total cholesterol -4.2% vs +1.9% placebo (p=0.025); Englisch 2000 RCT (n=143 with TC >280 mg/dL, 1,800mg/day x 6 weeks): total cholesterol -18.5% vs -8.6% placebo; Wider 2013 Cochrane review of 3 RCTs (n=262): potential effect but evidence not convincing
LDL cholesterol reduction
Englisch 2000: LDL -22.9% vs -6.3% placebo at 1,800mg/day; Bundy 2008: no significant LDL difference at 1,280mg/day in healthier population; Sahebkar 2018 meta-analysis confirmed modest pooled LDL reduction across trials
Functional dyspepsia (post-meal fullness, bloating, upper-GI discomfort)
Holtmann 2003 multicentre RCT (n=244, 320mg TID x 6 weeks): significant symptom and quality-of-life improvement vs placebo on Nepean Dyspepsia Index; Marakis 2002 open-label dose-finding study supports cholagogue mechanism
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms
Bundy 2004 subset analysis of dyspepsia cohort reported IBS symptom reduction; no primary-endpoint IBS RCT to date
Bile flow / cholagogue effect
Gebhardt 1998 and 2002 in vitro work in rat hepatocytes and HepG2 cells showing inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis and bile-acid effects; historical European pharmacological data established cynarin's choleretic activity
Blood pressure reduction in mild hypertension
Roghani-Dehkordi 2009 RCT in mild hypertension using artichoke leaf juice: modest systolic and diastolic reduction; single small trial, not replicated
Insulin sensitivity / metabolic syndrome
Ebrahimi-Mameghani 2018 RCT in metabolic syndrome: effect on insulin resistance modulated by TCF7L2 genotype, exploratory
Liver detoxification in healthy individuals
No RCTs in healthy populations show that artichoke 'cleanses' or 'detoxifies' a healthy liver; the cholagogue effect is real but does not equal detoxification
| Grade | Claimed Benefit | Key Studies | Our Verdict |
|---|---|---|---|
| B | Total cholesterol reduction in mild-to-moderate hyperlipidemia | Bundy 2008 RCT (n=75, 1,280mg/day x 12 weeks): total cholesterol -4.2% vs +1.9% placebo (p=0.025); Englisch 2000 RCT (n=143 with TC >280 mg/dL, 1,800mg/day x 6 weeks): total cholesterol -18.5% vs -8.6% placebo; Wider 2013 Cochrane review of 3 RCTs (n=262): potential effect but evidence not convincing | Early Signal |
| C | LDL cholesterol reduction | Englisch 2000: LDL -22.9% vs -6.3% placebo at 1,800mg/day; Bundy 2008: no significant LDL difference at 1,280mg/day in healthier population; Sahebkar 2018 meta-analysis confirmed modest pooled LDL reduction across trials | Early Signal |
| B | Functional dyspepsia (post-meal fullness, bloating, upper-GI discomfort) | Holtmann 2003 multicentre RCT (n=244, 320mg TID x 6 weeks): significant symptom and quality-of-life improvement vs placebo on Nepean Dyspepsia Index; Marakis 2002 open-label dose-finding study supports cholagogue mechanism | Supported |
| C | Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms | Bundy 2004 subset analysis of dyspepsia cohort reported IBS symptom reduction; no primary-endpoint IBS RCT to date | Early Signal |
| B | Bile flow / cholagogue effect | Gebhardt 1998 and 2002 in vitro work in rat hepatocytes and HepG2 cells showing inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis and bile-acid effects; historical European pharmacological data established cynarin's choleretic activity | Supported |
| C | Blood pressure reduction in mild hypertension | Roghani-Dehkordi 2009 RCT in mild hypertension using artichoke leaf juice: modest systolic and diastolic reduction; single small trial, not replicated | Not There Yet |
| C | Insulin sensitivity / metabolic syndrome | Ebrahimi-Mameghani 2018 RCT in metabolic syndrome: effect on insulin resistance modulated by TCF7L2 genotype, exploratory | Not There Yet |
| F | Liver detoxification in healthy individuals | No RCTs in healthy populations show that artichoke 'cleanses' or 'detoxifies' a healthy liver; the cholagogue effect is real but does not equal detoxification | Ineffective |
How to Choose: Forms, Doses & What Matters
Clinical dose: 320-1800mg of standardized leaf extract per day for cholesterol (extracts standardized to 2-5% caffeoylquinic acids or 13-18% chlorogenic acid); 320-640mg three times daily for functional dyspepsia
Best forms: Standardized leaf extract (2-5% caffeoylquinic acids, the marker compounds for cynarin and chlorogenic acid), Hepar-SL forte / Cynara-SL (the German pharmacy-grade extract used in the Holtmann functional dyspepsia and IBS trials; not sold under that brand in the US but US extracts standardized to similar caffeoylquinic-acid percentages approximate the trial form), Premium extracts standardized to 13-18% caffeoylquinic acids (Nature's Way) deliver more active compound per capsule than 5% products
For cholesterol support, take 1,280-1,800 mg of standardized leaf extract daily, typically divided into 2-3 doses with meals. The Bundy 2008 trial used 1,280 mg/day for 12 weeks; the Englisch 2000 trial used 1,800 mg/day for 6 weeks. Expect to commit at least 8-12 weeks before retesting a lipid panel. For functional dyspepsia, take 320 mg of standardized extract three times daily with meals for six weeks (Holtmann 2003 dosing). Taking with food is recommended both for tolerability and because the cholagogue effect aligns naturally with meal-stimulated bile flow. Standardization matters: look for 2-5% caffeoylquinic acids or 13-18% chlorogenic acid on the label. A '300 mg artichoke leaf' product without standardization is hard to compare to clinical doses.
Who Should Take Artichoke Leaf Extract (Cynara scolymus / Cynara cardunculus)?
Adults with mildly elevated total cholesterol or LDL who want a botanical adjunct to diet and exercise while deferring or supplementing pharmaceutical lipid therapy. Adults with functional dyspepsia, post-meal fullness, or upper-GI bloating who want a six-week trial of a well-tolerated botanical with a credible RCT behind it (Holtmann 2003). People who notice symptoms after fatty meals and respond well to bile-flow stimulants. Anyone whose primary goal is mild support, not a major lipid drop - the effect sizes are modest and require sustained daily use.
Who Should Avoid It?
Not for everyone
Side Effects & Safety
Product Scores
8 products scored on dosing accuracy, third-party testing, cost per effective dose, and label transparency.
The Scorecard: 8 Products Compared
NOW Foods Artichoke Extract 450mg, 90 Veg Capsules
NOW Foods$17.99 ÷ 90 days at 450mg artichoke leaf extract (5% cynarin)/day (1 serving × 450mg artichoke leaf extract (5% cynarin))
The most defensible everyday pick in the category - clear standardization, established brand quality program, and per-day cost that does not punish you for using it at clinical doses.
Prices checked 2026-05-16. Cost shown is per clinically effective daily dose, not per pill.
Jarrow Formulas Artichoke 500mg, 180 Veggie Capsules
Jarrow Formulas$23.95 ÷ 184 days at 500mg artichoke leaf extract (3% cynarin, 13-18% chlorogenic acid)/day (1 serving × 500mg artichoke leaf extract (3% cynarin, 13-18% chlorogenic acid))
Best price-to-quality ratio in the category. The dual standardization tells you what you are getting in a way that 4:1 ratios and unstandardized whole-leaf products do not.
Prices checked 2026-05-16. Cost shown is per clinically effective daily dose, not per pill.
Solaray Artichoke Leaf Extract 600mg, 60 VegCaps
Solaray
$11.99 ÷ 30 days at 600mg artichoke leaf (30mg caffeoyl acid derivatives)/day (1 serving × 600mg artichoke leaf (30mg caffeoyl acid derivatives))
Solaray's labeling practice of disclosing the milligrams of caffeoyl acid derivatives - not just the extract weight - is more informative than most competitors.
Prices checked 2026-05-16. Cost shown is per clinically effective daily dose, not per pill.
Solgar Artichoke Leaf Extract 300mg, 60 Vegetable Capsules
Solgar$19.99 ÷ 61 days at 300mg artichoke leaf extract (4:1 ratio)/day (1 serving × 300mg artichoke leaf extract (4:1 ratio))
Good pick for people with multiple food sensitivities who want a clean-label botanical, but the 4:1 ratio gives less precise dose information than 5% cynarin or 13-18% caffeoylquinic acid SKUs.
Prices checked 2026-05-18. Cost shown is per clinically effective daily dose, not per pill.
Nutricost Artichoke Extract 600mg, 240 Vegetarian Capsules
Nutricost$19.95 ÷ 249 days at ~289mg artichoke leaf extract (5% cynarin)/day (0.5 servings × 600mg artichoke leaf extract (5% cynarin))
Cheapest reputable-brand standardized extract on Amazon if you trust Nutricost's GMP-only quality posture and do not require per-lot COA transparency.
Prices checked 2026-05-16. Cost shown is per clinically effective daily dose, not per pill.
Swanson Artichoke Leaves (Cynara Scolymus) 500mg, 60 Capsules
Swanson
$8.99 ÷ 60 days at 500mg artichoke leaf (whole leaf, not standardized)/day (1 serving × 500mg artichoke leaf (whole leaf, not standardized))
Whole leaf at a low price is a reasonable choice only if you understand it is not the same product as the standardized extracts used in clinical trials. For cholesterol or dyspepsia goals, a 5% or 13-18% standardized extract is the more rational pick even at a higher price.
Prices checked 2026-05-16. Cost shown is per clinically effective daily dose, not per pill.
Nature's Bounty Artichoke 350mg Standardized Extract, 100 Capsules
Nature's Bounty
$14.99 ÷ 50 days at 700mg artichoke leaf extract (2.2% cynarin)/day (2 servings × 350mg artichoke leaf extract (2.2% cynarin))
The disclosure is honest but the product is weakly standardized. At trial-equivalent cynarin intake, several other brands deliver more active per dollar.
Prices checked 2026-05-18. Cost shown is per clinically effective daily dose, not per pill.
Full Comparison
| Category | Nature's Way Artichoke Premium Extract 320mg, 45 Tablets Nature's Way | NOW Foods Artichoke Extract 450mg, 90 Veg Capsules NOW Foods | Jarrow Formulas Artichoke 500mg, 180 Veggie Capsules Jarrow Formulas | Solaray Artichoke Leaf Extract 600mg, 60 VegCaps Solaray | Solgar Artichoke Leaf Extract 300mg, 60 Vegetable Capsules Solgar | Nutricost Artichoke Extract 600mg, 240 Vegetarian Capsules Nutricost | Swanson Artichoke Leaves (Cynara Scolymus) 500mg, 60 Capsules Swanson | Nature's Bounty Artichoke 350mg Standardized Extract, 100 Capsules Nature's Bounty |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brand Score | 86/100Winner | 84/100 | 82/100 | 80/100 | 79/100 | 75/100 | 73/100 | 64/100 |
| Dosing & Form | 23/25Winner | 22/25 | 22/25 | 22/25 | 20/25 | 22/25 | 17/25 | 16/25 |
| Purity | 20/25Winner | 20/25 | 19/25 | 17/25 | 19/25 | 14/25 | 17/25 | 15/25 |
| Value | 19/25 | 22/25 | 22/25 | 21/25 | 18/25 | 23/25Winner | 22/25 | 17/25 |
| Transparency | 24/25Winner | 20/25 | 19/25 | 20/25 | 22/25 | 16/25 | 17/25 | 16/25 |
| Cost/Day | $0.40 | $0.20 | $0.13 | $0.40 | $0.33 | $0.08Winner | $0.15 | $0.30 |
| Dose/Serving | 320mg artichoke leaf extract (13-18% caffeoylquinic acids) | 450mg artichoke leaf extract (5% cynarin) | 500mg artichoke leaf extract (3% cynarin, 13-18% chlorogenic acid) | 600mg artichoke leaf (30mg caffeoyl acid derivatives) | 300mg artichoke leaf extract (4:1 ratio) | 600mg artichoke leaf extract (5% cynarin) | 500mg artichoke leaf (whole leaf, not standardized) | 350mg artichoke leaf extract (2.2% cynarin) |
| Form | Standardized artichoke leaf extract (tablet) | Standardized artichoke leaf extract (vegetable capsule) | Standardized artichoke leaf extract (vegetable capsule) | Standardized artichoke leaf extract (vegetable capsule) | Artichoke leaf extract (vegetable capsule) | Standardized artichoke leaf extract (vegetarian capsule) | Whole artichoke leaf powder (capsule) | Standardized artichoke leaf extract (capsule) |
| Third-Party Tested | ✓ Yes | ✓ Yes | ✓ Yes | ✓ Yes | No | No | No | No |
| Proprietary Blend | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Frequently Asked Questions
Does artichoke leaf extract actually lower cholesterol?
Modestly, yes, in people who start with elevated cholesterol. The two key RCTs are Bundy 2008 (n=75, 1,280 mg/day for 12 weeks) and Englisch 2000 (n=143, 1,800 mg/day for 6 weeks). Bundy saw total cholesterol drop about 4 percent versus a slight rise on placebo in mildly elevated subjects. Englisch saw an 18.5 percent total cholesterol drop and a 23 percent LDL drop in patients starting above 280 mg/dL. The Cochrane review pooled these and concluded the effect signal is real but the evidence base is small. Bottom line: the higher your starting cholesterol, the more room for movement, but even the best trial moved cholesterol less than any statin would. It is reasonable as an adjunct, not a replacement for lipid therapy if you have established cardiovascular risk.
Is artichoke leaf extract the same as eating artichokes?
No. Whole artichoke vegetables contain some of the active compounds (caffeoylquinic acids, cynarin, chlorogenic acid) but at dietary doses far below what clinical trials use. The Bundy 2008 trial used 1,280 mg of a concentrated standardized extract per day. You would need to eat an unreasonable quantity of artichokes daily to approach that intake, and the dose would not be standardized. Eating artichokes is good for fiber and general diet quality; if you want the cholesterol or dyspepsia effects in the trials, a standardized extract is the only practical route.
What does 'standardized to caffeoylquinic acids' mean and why does it matter?
Caffeoylquinic acids (including cynarin and chlorogenic acid) are the active marker compounds in artichoke leaf. Standardization means the manufacturer guarantees a minimum percentage of these compounds per dose, regardless of natural variation in raw leaf material. Trial-grade extracts are typically standardized to 2-5 percent caffeoylquinic acids or 13-18 percent chlorogenic acid. A product labeled simply '300 mg artichoke leaf' with no standardization could contain anywhere from very little to a reasonable amount of active compound. Standardization is the supplement industry's equivalent of dosing transparency; if a label does not mention it, the price you are paying per active dose is unknowable.
Can artichoke leaf extract help with bloating or dyspepsia?
Yes, with reasonable evidence. Holtmann's 2003 multicentre RCT gave 244 functional dyspepsia patients 320 mg of standardized extract three times daily for six weeks and saw significantly greater symptom improvement and quality-of-life gains on the Nepean Dyspepsia Index. The mechanism is the cholagogue (bile-stimulating) effect of cynarin and caffeoylquinic acids, which helps after fatty meals and in people whose dyspepsia symptoms are partly biliary in origin. If you have functional dyspepsia or post-meal fullness with no structural diagnosis, a six-week trial at this dose is reasonable.
Will artichoke extract 'cleanse' or 'detox' my liver?
No. Like milk thistle, artichoke gets marketed for liver detoxification in healthy people, and like milk thistle, there is no evidence that a healthy liver needs supplemental cleansing. The cholagogue (bile-stimulating) effect is real and may help with biliary-flavored dyspepsia, but stimulating bile flow is not the same as detoxification. Your liver detoxifies continuously. If you have documented elevated liver enzymes, there is a thin signal for hepatoprotective effects in animal and in vitro work, but human trials in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease are scarce. For NAFLD, milk thistle has slightly better data than artichoke.
Is the German Hepar-SL forte form better than what I can buy in the US?
Hepar-SL forte (and the similar Cynara-SL) is a German pharmacy-grade artichoke leaf extract standardized for clinical use - it is the form used in the Holtmann 2003 dyspepsia trial. It is not sold under that brand in the US. The practical question is whether US extracts standardized to comparable caffeoylquinic acid percentages (2-5%) approximate the same active dose, and the answer is yes if you read the label carefully. Premium US extracts like Nature's Way Premium (13-18% caffeoylquinic acids) deliver more active per capsule than 5% extracts, and the higher concentration matches the active intake from clinical Hepar-SL dosing. The form name on the bottle matters less than the standardization percentage.
Can I take artichoke with a statin?
There is no well-documented direct interaction, but combining them should be a conversation with your prescriber, not a self-directed stack. Both lower cholesterol through partly different mechanisms; the combined effect on lipid panels is not well characterized in trials. If your statin is doing its job and your LDL is at target, layering artichoke is unlikely to add meaningful clinical benefit. If you are looking for an alternative to a statin and your cardiovascular risk is genuinely low, artichoke is one of several botanicals worth discussing as part of a diet-and-exercise-led plan.
How long until I see results?
For cholesterol, plan on 8-12 weeks of daily use before a recheck panel will show movement, and use a standardized extract at 1,280-1,800 mg per day. For dyspepsia, the Holtmann trial saw symptom improvement over six weeks at 320 mg three times daily; some people notice post-meal comfort effects within the first 1-2 weeks because the cholagogue mechanism is immediate, but durable symptom change is a multi-week story. If you have not noticed anything after 8 weeks at trial doses, it is unlikely to do much for you.
Sources
- Bundy R, Walker AF, Middleton RW, Wallis C, Simpson HC. Artichoke leaf extract (Cynara scolymus) reduces plasma cholesterol in otherwise healthy hypercholesterolemic adults: a randomized, double blind placebo controlled trial. Phytomedicine. 2008;15(9):668-675.
- Englisch W, Beckers C, Unkauf M, Ruepp M, Zinserling V. Efficacy of Artichoke dry extract in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia. Arzneimittelforschung. 2000;50(3):260-265.
- Wider B, Pittler MH, Thompson-Coon J, Ernst E. Artichoke leaf extract for treating hypercholesterolaemia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(3):CD003335.
- Holtmann G, Adam B, Haag S, Collet W, Grunewald E, Windeck T. Efficacy of artichoke leaf extract in the treatment of patients with functional dyspepsia: a six-week placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicentre trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003;18(11-12):1099-1105.
- Marakis G, Walker AF, Middleton RW, Booth JC, Wright J, Pike DJ. Artichoke leaf extract reduces mild dyspepsia in an open study. Phytomedicine. 2002;9(8):694-699.
- Bundy R, Walker AF, Middleton RW, Marakis G, Booth JC. Artichoke leaf extract reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome and improves quality of life in otherwise healthy volunteers suffering from concomitant dyspepsia: a subset analysis. J Altern Complement Med. 2004;10(4):667-669.
- Sahebkar A, Pirro M, Banach M, Mikhailidis DP, Atkin SL, Cicero AFG. Lipid-lowering activity of artichoke extracts: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2018;58(15):2549-2556.
- Gebhardt R. Inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis in primary cultured rat hepatocytes by artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) extracts. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1998;286(3):1122-1128.
- Gebhardt R. Inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis in HepG2 cells by artichoke extracts is reinforced by glucosidase pretreatment. Phytother Res. 2002;16(4):368-372.
- Roghani-Dehkordi F, Kamkhah AF. Artichoke leaf juice contains antihypertensive effect in patients with mild hypertension. J Diet Suppl. 2009;6(4):328-341.
- Ebrahimi-Mameghani M, Asghari-Jafarabadi M, Rezazadeh K. TCF7L2-rs7903146 polymorphism modulates the effect of artichoke leaf extract supplementation on insulin resistance in metabolic syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Integr Med. 2018;16(5):329-334.
FDA Disclaimer: These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. The products discussed on this page are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. Always consult with a qualified healthcare professional before starting any supplement regimen.