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Spermidine
Spermidine is a natural polyamine present in every human cell, with intracellular concentrations declining with age.
- Evidence
- Weak Evidence
- Category
- Energy & Performance
- Best form
- Wheat germ extract standardized to spermidine content (the form used in the Wirth 2018 pilot, Schwarz 2022 SmartAge RCT, and Pekar 2021 dementia trial; typically 0.9-3 mg spermidine/day)
- Effective dose
- 0.9-3 mg spermidine per day from wheat germ extract in published human trials
- Lab tested
- 7 of 8 products
- Category
- Energy & Performance
- Best form
- Wheat germ extract standardized to spermidine content (the form used in the Wirth 2018 pilot, Schwarz 2022 SmartAge RCT, and Pekar 2021 dementia trial; typically 0.9-3 mg spermidine/day)
- Effective dose
- 0.9-3 mg spermidine per day from wheat germ extract in published human trials
- Lab tested
- 7 of 8 products
Key takeaways
- →Strong mechanistic case (autophagy induction) and strong rodent lifespan data, but the human evidence is small and the largest, longest cognitive RCT missed its primary endpoint.
- →The Schwarz 2022 SmartAge trial (n=100, 12 months, 0.9 mg/day) was the definitive human readout to date. Mnemonic discrimination did not differ from placebo. Honest reporting requires saying so.
- →Dietary spermidine intake correlates with lower mortality in the Bruneck cohort (Kiechl 2018), but observational data cannot prove the supplement does what the diet might be doing.
- →Wheat germ extracts at 1-3 mg/day match the doses used in the published RCTs and have a 12-month safety record. Whether high-dose synthetic spermidine reaches systemic circulation is unclear (Keohane 2024).
- →The POLYCAD trial (cardiovascular endpoints in coronary artery disease patients, 24 mg/day for 48 weeks) is the next major data drop; primary results pending as of mid-2026.
What Is Spermidine?
Spermidine is a natural polyamine present in every human cell, with intracellular concentrations declining with age. Cell and animal studies from the Madeo and Eisenberg labs in Graz, starting with Eisenberg 2009 in Nature Cell Biology, established that spermidine triggers autophagy (the cellular recycling process) through histone H3 deacetylation, and that this autophagy is required for the lifespan extension seen in yeast, flies, worms, and human immune cells. Eisenberg 2016 in Nature Medicine extended this to mice, where lifelong and late-life oral spermidine extended median lifespan, reduced cardiac hypertrophy, and preserved diastolic function in old animals, with the cardioprotection abolished in mice lacking the autophagy gene Atg5. The mechanistic story is genuinely interesting.
The human story is where the picture gets thinner. As of 2026, the human evidence is dominated by one research group (Charité Berlin, working with the Madeo group in Graz), one supplement form (wheat germ extract standardized to spermidine), and a small number of trials with mostly cognitive endpoints. The Wirth 2018 pilot in Cortex (n=30 older adults aged 60-80 with subjective cognitive decline, 3 months of spermidine-rich wheat germ extract at roughly 1.2 mg/day) reported moderate enhancement of memory on a mnemonic discrimination task, though the confidence interval crossed zero and the trial was explicitly framed as hypothesis-generating. The follow-up Schwarz 2022 SmartAge trial in JAMA Network Open was the definitive human readout: 100 older adults with subjective cognitive decline, 12 months at 0.9 mg/day, the longest and largest spermidine RCT to date. It missed its primary endpoint. Mnemonic discrimination performance did not differ between groups (between-group difference -0.03, P = 0.47). Exploratory analyses hinted at signal on verbal memory and inflammation, but the headline result is a negative trial.
Pekar 2021 in Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift (85 nursing-home residents with mild-to-moderate dementia, 3 months) reported a 2.23-point MMSE improvement in the higher-dose mild dementia subgroup. This is an unblinded, non-randomized observational study at multiple care centers, not an RCT, and should be weighted as preliminary. The 1-year follow-up (Pekar 2023) reported continued cognitive stabilization in the spermidine group.
The cardiovascular evidence is mostly epidemiological. Kiechl 2018 in American Journal of Clinical Nutrition followed 829 adults from the Bruneck cohort over 20 years and found higher dietary spermidine intake associated with a hazard ratio of 0.74 per 1-SD higher intake for all-cause mortality, with the top vs. bottom third difference comparable to being roughly 5.7 years younger. Dietary observational data cannot establish causation; spermidine intake correlates with overall diet quality. A high-dose interventional RCT in cardiovascular disease (POLYCAD, 187 patients with coronary artery disease, 24 mg/day spermidine for 48 weeks) completed recruitment in 2025 and has not yet reported primary endpoints as of mid-2026. That trial will be the most important data drop for the cardiovascular thesis.
Safety looks reasonable in the doses studied. Schwarz 2018 in Aging (n=30, 1.2 mg/day for 3 months) reported the supplement was safe and well-tolerated. Keohane 2024 in Nutrition Research tested 40 mg/day synthetic spermidine trihydrochloride for up to 28 days in 37 healthy men with no clinically meaningful changes in lipids, chemistry, or hematology, though notably circulating spermidine and serum polyamines did not change much either, raising questions about how much of an oral supplement actually reaches systemic circulation. There is no published human trial of spermidine showing mortality reduction or hard aging endpoints.
Practical bottom line: spermidine has a real mechanistic case (autophagy induction, cellular renewal) and strong rodent data on lifespan and cardiac function. The human case for cognitive benefit rests on a small pilot trial that suggested signal and a larger, longer, better-powered follow-up that missed its primary endpoint. The mortality association from Bruneck is intriguing but epidemiological. If you want to try it, the wheat germ extracts at 1-3 mg/day match the doses used in the published RCTs and have a 12-month safety record. Treat it as an open experiment, not a proven longevity intervention.
Does It Work? The Evidence
How A-F grades workMemory and mnemonic discrimination in older adults with subjective cognitive decline
Wirth 2018 Cortex pilot (n=30, 1.2 mg/day x 3 months): moderate effect-size signal on mnemonic discrimination, CI crossed zero; Schwarz 2022 JAMA Network Open SmartAge (n=100, 0.9 mg/day x 12 months): MISSED primary endpoint, no between-group difference (-0.03, P=0.47); exploratory signals only
Cognitive function in mild-to-moderate dementia
Pekar 2021 Wien Klin Wochenschr (n=85 nursing home residents, 3 months): 2.23-point MMSE gain in mild-dementia higher-dose subgroup; not a randomized blinded trial; Pekar 2023 1-year follow-up reported continued stabilization
All-cause mortality (dietary spermidine intake)
Kiechl 2018 AJCN Bruneck cohort (n=829, 20-year follow-up): HR 0.74 per 1-SD higher intake; observational, cannot establish causation; spermidine intake confounded with overall diet quality
Cardiovascular function and heart failure
Strong mouse evidence (Eisenberg 2016 Nat Med: reduced cardiac hypertrophy, preserved diastolic function, autophagy-dependent); no completed human RCT; POLYCAD trial (n=187, 24 mg/day x 48 weeks in coronary artery disease) finished recruitment 2025, primary endpoint pending
Autophagy induction in human cells
Eisenberg 2009 Nat Cell Biol: autophagy induction via histone H3 deacetylation in yeast, flies, worms, and human immune cells in vitro; multiple in vitro confirmations; whether oral wheat germ doses meaningfully raise tissue spermidine in humans is contested (Keohane 2024 saw minimal serum changes at 40 mg/day)
Lifespan extension or slowed biological aging in humans
No human RCT has measured mortality, lifespan, or validated biological-age endpoints with spermidine; rodent lifespan data (Eisenberg 2016) does not translate to human evidence
Hair growth, skin aging, immune function
Marketing claims around hair and skin rest on small ex vivo studies and brand-funded user reports; no well-designed human RCT
Safety and tolerability at supplemental doses
Schwarz 2018 Aging (n=30, 1.2 mg/day x 3 months): well-tolerated, no significant adverse signals; Schwarz 2022 SmartAge (n=100, 0.9 mg/day x 12 months): no safety differences vs. placebo; Keohane 2024 Nutr Res (n=37, 40 mg/day synthetic x 28d): no clinically meaningful lab changes
| Grade | Claimed Benefit | Key Studies | Our Verdict |
|---|---|---|---|
| C | Memory and mnemonic discrimination in older adults with subjective cognitive decline | Wirth 2018 Cortex pilot (n=30, 1.2 mg/day x 3 months): moderate effect-size signal on mnemonic discrimination, CI crossed zero; Schwarz 2022 JAMA Network Open SmartAge (n=100, 0.9 mg/day x 12 months): MISSED primary endpoint, no between-group difference (-0.03, P=0.47); exploratory signals only | Not There Yet |
| C | Cognitive function in mild-to-moderate dementia | Pekar 2021 Wien Klin Wochenschr (n=85 nursing home residents, 3 months): 2.23-point MMSE gain in mild-dementia higher-dose subgroup; not a randomized blinded trial; Pekar 2023 1-year follow-up reported continued stabilization | Early Signal |
| C | All-cause mortality (dietary spermidine intake) | Kiechl 2018 AJCN Bruneck cohort (n=829, 20-year follow-up): HR 0.74 per 1-SD higher intake; observational, cannot establish causation; spermidine intake confounded with overall diet quality | Early Signal |
| D | Cardiovascular function and heart failure | Strong mouse evidence (Eisenberg 2016 Nat Med: reduced cardiac hypertrophy, preserved diastolic function, autophagy-dependent); no completed human RCT; POLYCAD trial (n=187, 24 mg/day x 48 weeks in coronary artery disease) finished recruitment 2025, primary endpoint pending | Not There Yet |
| B | Autophagy induction in human cells | Eisenberg 2009 Nat Cell Biol: autophagy induction via histone H3 deacetylation in yeast, flies, worms, and human immune cells in vitro; multiple in vitro confirmations; whether oral wheat germ doses meaningfully raise tissue spermidine in humans is contested (Keohane 2024 saw minimal serum changes at 40 mg/day) | Supported |
| F | Lifespan extension or slowed biological aging in humans | No human RCT has measured mortality, lifespan, or validated biological-age endpoints with spermidine; rodent lifespan data (Eisenberg 2016) does not translate to human evidence | Not There Yet |
| D | Hair growth, skin aging, immune function | Marketing claims around hair and skin rest on small ex vivo studies and brand-funded user reports; no well-designed human RCT | Not There Yet |
| B | Safety and tolerability at supplemental doses | Schwarz 2018 Aging (n=30, 1.2 mg/day x 3 months): well-tolerated, no significant adverse signals; Schwarz 2022 SmartAge (n=100, 0.9 mg/day x 12 months): no safety differences vs. placebo; Keohane 2024 Nutr Res (n=37, 40 mg/day synthetic x 28d): no clinically meaningful lab changes | Supported |
How to Choose: Forms, Doses & What Matters
Clinical dose: 0.9-3 mg spermidine per day from wheat germ extract in published human trials; supplement labels often list 1-15 mg with widely varying assay methods
Best forms: Wheat germ extract standardized to spermidine content (the form used in the Wirth 2018 pilot, Schwarz 2022 SmartAge RCT, and Pekar 2021 dementia trial; typically 0.9-3 mg spermidine/day), Rice germ extract standardized to spermidine (alternative botanical source; no head-to-head human RCT vs. wheat germ), Spermidine trihydrochloride (synthetic high-purity polyamine; the Keohane 2024 safety trial used 40 mg/day with minimal changes in circulating polyamines, raising bioavailability questions)
The published RCTs used wheat germ extracts delivering 0.9-3 mg of spermidine per day, taken with a meal. Schwarz 2022 SmartAge used 0.9 mg/day. Wirth 2018 used roughly 1.2 mg/day. Pekar 2021 used a higher dose (the brand-reported dose was approximately 3 mg/day in the higher-dose group). There is no dose-response trial establishing an optimal supplemental dose. Effects on cellular autophagy markers are theoretical; the trials that read out used 3-12 months of continuous use. If you are going to try it, plan on at least 3 months at a clinical-trial dose before deciding whether to continue. Take with food. There is no evidence that timing (morning vs. evening) matters.
Who Should Take Spermidine?
Adults 50+ who understand the mechanistic case for autophagy support and accept that human evidence for downstream benefits is preliminary and partly negative. People who eat little wheat germ, soy, or aged cheese (the main dietary spermidine sources) and want to mirror the higher-intake group from observational cohorts. Anyone considering spermidine should know the SmartAge trial missed its primary memory endpoint and that current marketing claims around longevity, hair, and skin are well ahead of the human data.
Who Should Avoid It?
Not for everyone
Side Effects & Safety
Product Scores
8 products scored on dosing accuracy, third-party testing, cost per effective dose, and label transparency.
The Scorecard: 8 Products Compared
Primeadine Original Wheat Germ Spermidine, 90ct
Oxford Healthspan
$65.00 ÷ 30 days at 1mg/day (1 serving × 1mg)
If you want to mirror the SmartAge dosing regimen as closely as a retail product can, this is the closest match. Just understand the SmartAge primary endpoint was negative.
Prices checked 2026-05-15. Cost shown is per clinically effective daily dose, not per pill.
spermidineLIFE 800mg Wheat Germ Extract, 60ct
Longevity Labs
$64.99 ÷ 30 days at 1mg/day (1 serving × 1mg)
The original commercial spermidine supplement; closest ingredient lineage to the research group that originated the spermidine longevity hypothesis.
Prices checked 2026-05-15. Cost shown is per clinically effective daily dose, not per pill.
Pure Spermidine 8mg, 60ct
Do Not Age
$49.00 ÷ 60 days at 8mg/day (1 serving × 8mg)
If you weight COA transparency over trial-matched dosing, Do Not Age is the strongest pick. US buyers will likely need to order from the brand directly rather than Amazon US.
Prices checked 2026-05-15. Cost shown is per clinically effective daily dose, not per pill.
Primeadine GF Gluten-Free Spermidine, 60ct
Oxford Healthspan
$75.00 ÷ 30 days at 1.2mg/day (1 serving × 1.2mg)
The right pick if you want a clinically relevant spermidine dose but cannot use wheat germ; the trade-off is no direct human-trial data on chlorella-derived polyamines.
Prices checked 2026-05-15. Cost shown is per clinically effective daily dose, not per pill.
Spermidine 10mg (99% Spermidine 3HCl), 120ct
Double Wood Supplements$39.95 ÷ 60 days at 10mg/day (1 serving × 10mg)
Budget option that prioritizes labeled mg over trial-matched dose; the bioavailability question (Keohane 2024) is the main caveat on synthetic spermidine at any dose.
Prices checked 2026-05-15. Cost shown is per clinically effective daily dose, not per pill.
Ultra Concentrated Spermidine 22mg (Rice Germ + 3HCl), 60ct
Toniiq
$34.97 ÷ 30 days at 22mg/day (1 serving × 22mg)
If you reject the trial-matched dose argument and want to chase higher labeled mg, this is the most prominent option. The bioavailability data does not support the assumption that more is better.
Prices checked 2026-05-15. Cost shown is per clinically effective daily dose, not per pill.
Liposomal Spermidine 8mg, 90ct
Renue By Science
$75.00 ÷ 90 days at 8mg/day (1 serving × 8mg)
The COA transparency is real; the liposomal value-add is a hypothesis without trial validation. Pay the premium only if you specifically want the absorption hypothesis tested on yourself.
Prices checked 2026-05-15. Cost shown is per clinically effective daily dose, not per pill.
Spermidine Wheat Germ Extract 1500mg (15mg spermidine), 120ct
Nutricost$19.95 ÷ 40 days at 15mg/day (1 serving × 15mg)
Budget pick if you want a wheat germ extract product and trust the brand's GMP program; the value is real but the testing transparency is thinner than premium options.
Prices checked 2026-05-15. Cost shown is per clinically effective daily dose, not per pill.
Full Comparison
| Category | Primeadine Original Wheat Germ Spermidine, 90ct Oxford Healthspan | spermidineLIFE 800mg Wheat Germ Extract, 60ct Longevity Labs | Pure Spermidine 8mg, 60ct Do Not Age | Primeadine GF Gluten-Free Spermidine, 60ct Oxford Healthspan | Spermidine 10mg (99% Spermidine 3HCl), 120ct Double Wood Supplements | Ultra Concentrated Spermidine 22mg (Rice Germ + 3HCl), 60ct Toniiq | Liposomal Spermidine 8mg, 90ct Renue By Science | Spermidine Wheat Germ Extract 1500mg (15mg spermidine), 120ct Nutricost |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brand Score | 81/100Winner | 80/100 | 79/100 | 78/100 | 75/100 | 74/100 | 72/100 | 71/100 |
| Dosing & Form | 22/25Winner | 22/25 | 20/25 | 21/25 | 19/25 | 19/25 | 18/25 | 18/25 |
| Purity | 20/25 | 20/25 | 22/25Winner | 19/25 | 19/25 | 18/25 | 19/25 | 16/25 |
| Value | 18/25 | 18/25 | 18/25 | 17/25 | 21/25 | 19/25 | 15/25 | 22/25Winner |
| Transparency | 21/25Winner | 20/25 | 19/25 | 21/25 | 16/25 | 18/25 | 20/25 | 15/25 |
| Cost/Day | $2.17 | $2.17 | $0.82 | $2.50 | $0.67 | $1.17 | $0.83 | $0.50Winner |
| Dose/Serving | 1mg | 1mg | 8mg | 1.2mg | 10mg | 22mg | 8mg | 15mg |
| Form | Wheat germ extract (capsule, contains gluten) | CelVio wheat germ extract (capsule, contains gluten) | Pure spermidine derived from wheat germ (capsule) | Chlorella, Shikuwasa lime, turmeric blend (capsule, gluten-free) | Spermidine trihydrochloride 99% (capsule) | Rice germ extract + spermidine trihydrochloride (capsule, gluten-free) | Liposomal spermidine (capsule) | Wheat germ extract (capsule, contains gluten) |
| Third-Party Tested | ✓ Yes | ✓ Yes | ✓ Yes | ✓ Yes | ✓ Yes | ✓ Yes | ✓ Yes | No |
| Proprietary Blend | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Frequently Asked Questions
Does spermidine actually work for memory or cognition?
The honest answer is the largest and longest trial, Schwarz 2022 SmartAge in JAMA Network Open, did not show a benefit. 100 older adults with subjective cognitive decline took 0.9 mg/day for 12 months and the primary memory endpoint (mnemonic discrimination) did not differ from placebo. The earlier Wirth 2018 pilot in 30 people suggested a signal but the confidence interval crossed zero. Pekar 2021 in nursing-home dementia patients reported MMSE improvement but was not a randomized blinded RCT. If a clinical-grade cognitive benefit existed at the doses tested, the SmartAge trial was designed to find it. It did not.
What is autophagy and why does spermidine matter for it?
Autophagy is the cellular recycling process that clears damaged proteins and organelles, and it declines with age. Spermidine triggers autophagy in cells by inhibiting histone acetylases, which leads to upregulation of autophagy-related genes. This was shown in yeast, flies, worms, and human immune cells in vitro by Eisenberg 2009 in Nature Cell Biology, and extended to mouse hearts and lifespan by Eisenberg 2016 in Nature Medicine. The cell-biology case is real. The translation question is whether oral supplemental doses meaningfully raise tissue spermidine and autophagy markers in humans, and whether that produces benefits you would notice. Keohane 2024 found that 40 mg/day synthetic spermidine did not change serum polyamine levels much, which complicates the simple oral-dose-equals-tissue-effect story.
How much spermidine is in food?
Wheat germ is the densest common source (roughly 24-30 mg per 100 g). Mature cheeses, soybeans, mushrooms, peas, and aged or fermented foods are also relatively rich. A typical Western diet provides roughly 7-15 mg/day from food. The Bruneck cohort study (Kiechl 2018) saw the strongest mortality association at the top third of dietary intake, which corresponded to around 14-25 mg/day from food. Supplement doses in the published cognitive RCTs (0.9-3 mg/day from wheat germ extract) are well below typical food intake, which raises a legitimate question about whether a small supplemental top-up does anything that the underlying diet does not already do.
Spermidine vs. NMN vs. NR for longevity - which has the better human evidence?
All three are weak in human longevity evidence and none has any data on actual mortality or hard aging endpoints in humans. NMN has the most interesting functional RCT signals (muscle insulin sensitivity in Yoshino 2021, walk distance in Yi 2023) but is in an unresolved regulatory dispute with the FDA. NR has the largest human safety dataset but similarly modest functional outcomes. Spermidine has the cleanest mechanistic story (autophagy induction), the most striking rodent lifespan data, and the largest negative human RCT (SmartAge). Spermidine also has the most interesting observational mortality association (Kiechl 2018) of the three. None of them is a proven longevity intervention. If you want to pick one based on human evidence, the answer is roughly even, and "none" is a defensible answer.
What is the right dose of spermidine?
The published RCTs used 0.9-3 mg/day from wheat germ extract. There is no human dose-response trial establishing an optimal supplemental dose. Some brands market 10-22 mg per serving from concentrated wheat germ or rice germ, and synthetic spermidine trihydrochloride products list doses up to 40 mg/day. The higher synthetic doses do not have matched cognitive outcome trials behind them, and the one safety trial at 40 mg/day (Keohane 2024) found minimal change in circulating polyamines, suggesting that ingesting more does not necessarily mean more reaches your tissues. A practical pick is to match the clinical-trial dose (1-3 mg/day from wheat germ extract) for at least 3 months and see whether anything happens.
Are wheat germ extracts and synthetic spermidine the same thing?
Same molecule, different sourcing and matrix. Wheat germ extracts are concentrated from defatted wheat germ and contain spermidine alongside other natural polyamines (spermine, putrescine) and food-matrix components. This is the form used in all the published human cognitive trials (Wirth 2018, Schwarz 2022 SmartAge, Pekar 2021). Synthetic spermidine trihydrochloride is the pure molecule made chemically, often marketed as higher purity and higher dose. The Keohane 2024 trial used synthetic spermidine at 40 mg/day for 28 days and reported minimal changes in circulating polyamines, which suggests the body tightly regulates polyamine levels regardless of oral intake. Wheat germ extracts have the cognitive-trial data behind them; synthetic forms have purity claims but a thinner human evidence base.
Is spermidine safe long-term?
Short and medium-term safety looks reasonable. The Schwarz 2022 SmartAge trial dosed 0.9 mg/day for 12 months in 100 older adults with no significant safety differences vs. placebo. The Keohane 2024 trial dosed 40 mg/day synthetic spermidine for 28 days in 37 healthy men with no clinically meaningful lab changes. Long-term safety beyond a year in humans is not established. The theoretical concern that polyamine metabolism is upregulated in some tumor types argues for caution in people with active cancer, though clinical data have not confirmed this as a real-world risk for supplemental doses. Wheat germ extracts may not be appropriate for people with celiac disease or wheat allergy regardless of spermidine content.
Did spermidine fail the SmartAge trial?
Yes, on the primary endpoint. The Schwarz 2022 trial in JAMA Network Open was the definitive human cognitive trial: 100 older adults with subjective cognitive decline, 12 months at 0.9 mg/day spermidine from wheat germ extract, randomized double-blind placebo-controlled. The primary endpoint was change in mnemonic discrimination performance. The between-group difference was -0.03 (95% CI -0.11 to 0.05, P=0.47). Exploratory analyses showed some hints on verbal memory and inflammatory markers but those are secondary findings in a trial whose primary endpoint was negative. The brand-side discussion has emphasized those exploratory signals; the honest framing is that the trial as designed did not show the predicted benefit.
Sources
- Eisenberg T, Knauer H, Schauer A, et al. Induction of autophagy by spermidine promotes longevity. Nat Cell Biol. 2009;11(11):1305-1314.
- Eisenberg T, Abdellatif M, Schroeder S, et al. Cardioprotection and lifespan extension by the natural polyamine spermidine. Nat Med. 2016;22(12):1428-1438.
- Wirth M, Benson G, Schwarz C, et al. The effect of spermidine on memory performance in older adults at risk for dementia: a randomized controlled trial. Cortex. 2018;109:181-188.
- Schwarz C, Horn N, Benson G, et al. Effects of spermidine supplementation on cognition and biomarkers in older adults with subjective cognitive decline: a randomized clinical trial (SmartAge). JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(5):e2213875.
- Schwarz C, Stekovic S, Wirth M, et al. Safety and tolerability of spermidine supplementation in mice and older adults with subjective cognitive decline. Aging (Albany NY). 2018;10(1):19-33.
- Kiechl S, Pechlaner R, Willeit P, et al. Higher spermidine intake is linked to lower mortality: a prospective population-based study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2018;108(2):371-380.
- Pekar T, Bruckner K, Pauschenwein-Frantsich S, et al. The positive effect of spermidine in older adults suffering from dementia: first results of a 3-month trial. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2021;133(9-10):484-491.
- Pekar T, Wendzel A, Flak W, et al. The positive effect of spermidine in older adults suffering from dementia after 1 year. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2023;135(15-16):428-433.
- Keohane PE, Naseeb S, Lewis MC, et al. Supplementation of spermidine at 40 mg/day has minimal effects on circulating polyamines: an exploratory double-blind randomized controlled trial in older men. Nutr Res. 2024;132:8-22.
- Madeo F, Eisenberg T, Pietrocola F, Kroemer G. Spermidine in health and disease. Science. 2018;359(6374):eaan2788.
- Hofer SJ, Liang Y, Zimmermann A, et al. Mechanisms of spermidine-induced autophagy and geroprotection. Nat Aging. 2022;2(12):1112-1129.
FDA Disclaimer: These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. The products discussed on this page are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. Always consult with a qualified healthcare professional before starting any supplement regimen.