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Cranberry (PAC-Standardized)
Cranberry for urinary tract support has had an unusually turbulent evidence history, and the picture in 2026 is different from the one most consumers absorbed in the 2010s.
- Evidence
- Mixed Evidence
- Category
- Women's Health
- Best form
- PAC-standardized cranberry extract capsules disclosing 36mg of soluble A-type PACs per dose by the BL-DMAC (or Brc-DMAC) method - the form used in the Howell dose-response work and in branded ingredients like Pacran, Cranberex, and the proprietary extract in Theralogix TheraCran One and Ellura
- Effective dose
- Cranberry extract standardized to deliver 36mg of soluble A-type proanthocyanidins (PACs) per day, measured by the BL-DMAC method. Whole-fruit cranberry powder or juice doses vary
- Lab tested
- 3 of 9 products
- Category
- Women's Health
- Best form
- PAC-standardized cranberry extract capsules disclosing 36mg of soluble A-type PACs per dose by the BL-DMAC (or Brc-DMAC) method - the form used in the Howell dose-response work and in branded ingredients like Pacran, Cranberex, and the proprietary extract in Theralogix TheraCran One and Ellura
- Effective dose
- Cranberry extract standardized to deliver 36mg of soluble A-type proanthocyanidins (PACs) per day, measured by the BL-DMAC method. Whole-fruit cranberry powder or juice doses vary
- Lab tested
- 3 of 9 products
Key takeaways
- →The 2023 Williams Cochrane update reversed the 2012 Jepson conclusion: pooled across 50 trials and 8,857 participants, cranberry reduces recurrent UTI in women (RR 0.74), children (RR 0.46), and post-procedural patients (RR 0.53), with moderate-certainty evidence.
- →The PAC content is what matters, not the cranberry milligrams or the juice volume. Target around 36mg of soluble A-type proanthocyanidins per day by the BL-DMAC method. Products that do not disclose PAC content cannot be assumed to deliver the studied dose.
- →Cranberry's mechanism (A-type PACs blocking P-fimbriae) is biochemically distinct from D-mannose (which blocks FimH); they are not interchangeable molecules even though both end at the same anti-adhesion outcome.
- →Cranberry juice cocktail (sugar-sweetened, low PAC) is not the same product as a PAC-standardized cranberry extract. The juice-cocktail evidence is weak; the standardized PAC evidence is moderate.
- →Post-2024, the evidence picture for cranberry (positive Williams 2023 meta) is actually stronger than for D-mannose (negative MAPLE 2024 trial), a reversal of the 2010s consumer narrative.
- →Cranberry is supportive, not curative. An acute symptomatic UTI needs clinical evaluation and, in most cases, antibiotics.
What Is Cranberry (PAC-Standardized)?
Cranberry for urinary tract support has had an unusually turbulent evidence history, and the picture in 2026 is different from the one most consumers absorbed in the 2010s. The 2012 Jepson Cochrane review pooled 24 trials in 4,473 participants and concluded cranberry products did not significantly reduce UTI compared with placebo, water, or other controls. That verdict dominated medical guidance and consumer media for the better part of a decade.
The 2023 Williams Cochrane update is a major reanalysis. It included 50 studies in 8,857 participants and found that cranberry products reduce the risk of symptomatic, culture-verified UTIs in women with recurrent UTIs (RR 0.74, moderate-certainty evidence), in children (RR 0.46), and in people susceptible to UTIs after bladder or kidney procedures (RR 0.53). Williams 2023 was more careful than its predecessor about distinguishing standardized PAC-dosed cranberry products from sugar-heavy cranberry juice cocktails, and the result for the standardized products is meaningfully positive. The headline change matters: the same systematic review program that effectively buried cranberry in 2012 partially revived it eleven years later.
Why the reversal? Two reasons. First, more and better trials of standardized products: Maki 2016 in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (n=373) randomized women with a recent UTI to 240ml/day of a PAC-dosed cranberry beverage or matched placebo for 24 weeks and reported a 39% reduction in symptomatic UTI episodes (39 vs 67, p=0.013). Stapleton 2012 in Mayo Clinic Proceedings (n=176) ran cranberry juice 4 or 8 oz daily versus placebo and reported a hazard ratio of 0.68 favoring cranberry that did not reach significance in the smaller sample but pointed the same direction. Second, the Williams team handled the underpowered or low-PAC trials more transparently rather than diluting the signal from properly dosed studies.
The mechanism is biochemically distinct from D-mannose even though both end up at the same destination of E. coli not sticking to the bladder. Cranberry's A-type proanthocyanidins (PACs) bind P-fimbriae on uropathogenic E. coli (a different adhesin family from FimH, which is what D-mannose targets). The Howell 2010 dose-response trial in BMC Infectious Diseases established that anti-adhesion activity in urine after a single dose is dose-dependent and that 72mg of PAC produces measurable anti-adhesion at 24 hours where 18mg does not. The European Medicines Agency and most clinical formulations have converged on 36mg of soluble PAC per day as a target, measured by the BL-DMAC (or Brc-DMAC) standardized method. Products that do not disclose PAC content cannot be assumed to deliver this dose; cranberry juice cocktails and unstandardized capsules frequently deliver well under it.
Not everything is positive. The Juthani-Mehta 2016 JAMA trial in 185 older women living in nursing homes randomized cranberry capsules versus placebo and found no significant difference in bacteriuria plus pyuria, the trial's primary outcome. The nursing home population, with high baseline bacteriuria and indwelling catheters, is biologically different from younger women with recurrent uncomplicated UTI, and the negative result there does not transfer cleanly. For pregnant women, the Williams review found low-certainty evidence and the IDSA has not endorsed routine cranberry use in pregnancy.
The honest 2026 read: a PAC-standardized cranberry product delivering around 36mg of soluble PAC per day, taken as ongoing prevention, has moderate-certainty Cochrane-graded evidence for reducing recurrent UTI in women with a history of recurrence, plus signals in children and post-procedural patients. The juice-cocktail era is over for serious use. The post-MAPLE (2024) picture for D-mannose, the other widely used non-antibiotic UTI prophylactic, is more negative than the post-Williams (2023) picture for cranberry, which is a reversal of the 2010s narrative when D-mannose was being talked up and cranberry talked down. Neither replaces antibiotic treatment of an acute symptomatic infection; both belong in the prophylactic conversation alongside hydration, voiding after intercourse, and (where indicated) topical vaginal estrogen in postmenopausal women.
Does It Work? The Evidence
How A-F grades workReduction of recurrent UTI in women with a history of recurrence (PAC-standardized products)
Williams 2023 Cochrane (50 trials, n=8,857): RR 0.74 for symptomatic culture-verified UTI in women with recurrent UTI, moderate-certainty; Maki 2016 (Am J Clin Nutr, n=373, 240ml PAC-dosed cranberry beverage x 24 weeks): 39% reduction in symptomatic UTI episodes; Stapleton 2012 (Mayo Clin Proc, n=176): HR 0.68 favoring cranberry juice, non-significant in smaller sample
Reduction of UTI in children
Williams 2023 Cochrane: RR 0.46 for UTI in children, moderate-certainty evidence pooling pediatric trials
Reduction of UTI after bladder or kidney procedures
Williams 2023 Cochrane: RR 0.53 for symptomatic UTI in patients susceptible to UTIs post-procedure, moderate-certainty
Anti-adhesion of uropathogenic E. coli (mechanism, not clinical outcome)
Howell 2010 (BMC Infect Dis, dose-response RCT): urinary anti-adhesion activity against P-fimbriated E. coli is dose-dependent on PAC content; 72mg PAC produced measurable anti-adhesion at 24 hours where 18mg did not; decades of in-vitro and animal work confirm A-type PAC binding to P-fimbriae
Prevention of UTI in institutionalized older adults / nursing home residents
Juthani-Mehta 2016 (JAMA, n=185 older women in nursing homes, cranberry capsules vs placebo): no significant difference in bacteriuria plus pyuria; the nursing home population is biologically distinct from younger women with recurrent uncomplicated UTI
Prevention of UTI in pregnancy
Williams 2023 Cochrane: included pregnancy trials but rated certainty low; no clear effect demonstrated and trial sizes were modest; IDSA has not endorsed routine prophylactic use in pregnancy
Cardiometabolic, antioxidant, or general 'urinary cleansing' benefits beyond UTI prevention
Mostly small mechanistic trials and observational data; no consistent clinically meaningful outcomes for blood pressure, lipid profile, or oxidative stress markers in adequately powered RCTs
| Grade | Claimed Benefit | Key Studies | Our Verdict |
|---|---|---|---|
| B | Reduction of recurrent UTI in women with a history of recurrence (PAC-standardized products) | Williams 2023 Cochrane (50 trials, n=8,857): RR 0.74 for symptomatic culture-verified UTI in women with recurrent UTI, moderate-certainty; Maki 2016 (Am J Clin Nutr, n=373, 240ml PAC-dosed cranberry beverage x 24 weeks): 39% reduction in symptomatic UTI episodes; Stapleton 2012 (Mayo Clin Proc, n=176): HR 0.68 favoring cranberry juice, non-significant in smaller sample | Supported |
| B | Reduction of UTI in children | Williams 2023 Cochrane: RR 0.46 for UTI in children, moderate-certainty evidence pooling pediatric trials | Supported |
| B | Reduction of UTI after bladder or kidney procedures | Williams 2023 Cochrane: RR 0.53 for symptomatic UTI in patients susceptible to UTIs post-procedure, moderate-certainty | Supported |
| A | Anti-adhesion of uropathogenic E. coli (mechanism, not clinical outcome) | Howell 2010 (BMC Infect Dis, dose-response RCT): urinary anti-adhesion activity against P-fimbriated E. coli is dose-dependent on PAC content; 72mg PAC produced measurable anti-adhesion at 24 hours where 18mg did not; decades of in-vitro and animal work confirm A-type PAC binding to P-fimbriae | Supported |
| B | Prevention of UTI in institutionalized older adults / nursing home residents | Juthani-Mehta 2016 (JAMA, n=185 older women in nursing homes, cranberry capsules vs placebo): no significant difference in bacteriuria plus pyuria; the nursing home population is biologically distinct from younger women with recurrent uncomplicated UTI | Ineffective |
| C | Prevention of UTI in pregnancy | Williams 2023 Cochrane: included pregnancy trials but rated certainty low; no clear effect demonstrated and trial sizes were modest; IDSA has not endorsed routine prophylactic use in pregnancy | Not There Yet |
| D | Cardiometabolic, antioxidant, or general 'urinary cleansing' benefits beyond UTI prevention | Mostly small mechanistic trials and observational data; no consistent clinically meaningful outcomes for blood pressure, lipid profile, or oxidative stress markers in adequately powered RCTs | Not There Yet |
How to Choose: Forms, Doses & What Matters
Clinical dose: Cranberry extract standardized to deliver 36mg of soluble A-type proanthocyanidins (PACs) per day, measured by the BL-DMAC method. Whole-fruit cranberry powder or juice doses vary; trials have used 240-300ml of cranberry juice beverage daily or whole-fruit powder equivalents. The PAC content is the variable that should be matched, not the milligrams of cranberry extract or the volume of juice.
Best forms: PAC-standardized cranberry extract capsules disclosing 36mg of soluble A-type PACs per dose by the BL-DMAC (or Brc-DMAC) method - the form used in the Howell dose-response work and in branded ingredients like Pacran, Cranberex, and the proprietary extract in Theralogix TheraCran One and Ellura, Whole-fruit cranberry powder (e.g., Pacran, Cran-Max) capsules at the manufacturer's labeled daily serving; reasonable second-line if PAC content is at least implicitly disclosed, Cranberry juice beverage at 240ml/day delivering a labeled PAC dose (Maki 2016 trial format); the studied PAC-dosed beverages are not the sugary cranberry cocktail at the grocery store, Cranberry juice cocktail (sugar-sweetened, low PAC, no standardization) - widely sold but the worst form for urinary tract support
Take a PAC-standardized cranberry extract delivering approximately 36mg of soluble proanthocyanidins by the BL-DMAC method, once daily, with food. The studied protocol in the Maki beverage trial was a 240ml daily PAC-dosed cranberry beverage for 24 weeks; the studied protocol for capsule products is generally one capsule per day for at least 8-12 weeks before assessing benefit, continuing as long as the recurrent UTI risk profile applies. Some clinicians and product labels suggest splitting the dose (morning and evening) to maintain urinary PAC concentration across 24 hours, which has biochemical plausibility from the Howell 2010 anti-adhesion kinetics but no head-to-head trial comparing once-daily versus split dosing. Cranberry juice cocktail (sugar-sweetened, unstandardized) is not equivalent and is not the form that has the moderate-certainty evidence; if you want to use juice, use a PAC-dosed beverage where the PAC content is disclosed on the label. Do not use cranberry as a substitute for antibiotic treatment of an acute symptomatic UTI; if you develop dysuria, urgency, frequency, suprapubic pain, fever, flank pain, or blood in urine, see a clinician.
Who Should Take Cranberry (PAC-Standardized)?
Adult women with a history of recurrent uncomplicated UTIs who have discussed prophylaxis with their clinician and want a non-antibiotic strategy with moderate-certainty supporting evidence from the Williams 2023 Cochrane update. Children with recurrent UTI under pediatric guidance (the Williams pediatric subgroup signal was strong). Patients undergoing or recovering from bladder or kidney procedures where post-procedural UTI risk is elevated, where the Williams 2023 review found benefit. People who want to layer a non-antibiotic supportive strategy alongside hydration, voiding after intercourse, and vaginal estrogen (where indicated for postmenopausal women).
Who Should Avoid It?
Not for everyone
Side Effects & Safety
Product Scores
9 products scored on dosing accuracy, third-party testing, cost per effective dose, and label transparency.
The Scorecard: 9 Products Compared
TheraCran One Cranberry, 36mg PAC, 90 Capsules (90-Day Supply)
Theralogix
$52.95 ÷ 90 days at 36mg PAC/day (1 serving × 36mg PAC)
TheraCran One is the rare cranberry product that submits to NSF certification specifically for PAC content; if you want the cleanest match to the Williams 2023 evidence, this is the form
Prices checked 2026-05-17. Cost shown is per clinically effective daily dose, not per pill.
Ellura Cranberry Supplement, 36mg PAC, 90 Capsules
Solv Wellness (Ellura)
$71.00 ÷ 90 days at 36mg PAC/day (1 serving × 36mg PAC)
Ellura is one of the most clinician-recommended 36mg PAC cranberry products in US urology practice; the ingredient has direct trial data behind it
Prices checked 2026-05-17. Cost shown is per clinically effective daily dose, not per pill.
Utiva Cranberry PACs, 36mg PAC, 90 Vegi Capsules
Utiva
$49.99 ÷ 89 days at 36mg PAC/day (1 serving × 36mg PAC)
Utiva is one of the better-priced 36mg PAC options that still discloses BL-DMAC method; reasonable pick for cost-conscious shoppers who do not need NSF certification
Prices checked 2026-05-17. Cost shown is per clinically effective daily dose, not per pill.
Cranberry NS, 90 Capsules
Pure Encapsulations$33.40 ÷ 90 days at 500mg cranberry/day (1 serving × 500mg cranberry)
Reasonable pick for shoppers committed to the Pure Encapsulations quality stack, but a 36mg-PAC-disclosed product (TheraCran One, Ellura, Utiva) is a closer match to the Williams 2023 evidence
Prices checked 2026-05-17. Cost shown is per clinically effective daily dose, not per pill.
Optimized Cran-Max with Hibiscus, 60 Capsules
Life Extension$22.50 ÷ 59 days at 250mg cranberry (Cran-Max)/day (1 serving × 250mg cranberry (Cran-Max))
Sensible pick if you already buy Life Extension across your stack and value the Cran-Max branded ingredient; for strict PAC-alignment with Williams 2023, prefer a 36mg-disclosed product
Prices checked 2026-05-17. Cost shown is per clinically effective daily dose, not per pill.
CranActin Cranberry AF Extract, 400mg, 120 VegCaps
Solaray
$21.99 ÷ 40 days at 1200mg cranberry/day (3 servings × 400mg cranberry)
Long-running brand; if you want to match the 36mg BL-DMAC evidence cleanly, prefer the PAC-disclosed products
Prices checked 2026-05-17. Cost shown is per clinically effective daily dose, not per pill.
Cranberry Concentrate, 200 Capsules
NOW Foods$19.99 ÷ 200 days at 700mg cranberry/day (1 serving × 700mg cranberry)
Cheapest credible-brand cranberry pick; if PAC transparency matters to you, step up to a 36mg-disclosed product
Prices checked 2026-05-17. Cost shown is per clinically effective daily dose, not per pill.
AZO Cranberry Softgels with Pacran, 100 Count
AZO
$19.99 ÷ 100 days at 500mg cranberry/day (1 serving × 500mg cranberry)
Mass-market default cranberry product; if PAC transparency matters to you, the 36mg-disclosed products (TheraCran One, Ellura, Utiva) are the cleaner picks
Prices checked 2026-05-17. Cost shown is per clinically effective daily dose, not per pill.
Triple Strength Cranberry with Vitamin C, 250 Softgels
Nature's Bounty
$17.99 ÷ 128 days at 25200mg cranberry equivalent/day (1 serving × 25200mg cranberry equivalent)
Convenience-tier mass-market cranberry; if you want the form that aligns with the Williams 2023 evidence, a 36mg PAC-disclosed product is the better fit
Prices checked 2026-05-17. Cost shown is per clinically effective daily dose, not per pill.
Full Comparison
| Category | TheraCran One Cranberry, 36mg PAC, 90 Capsules (90-Day Supply) Theralogix | Ellura Cranberry Supplement, 36mg PAC, 90 Capsules Solv Wellness (Ellura) | Utiva Cranberry PACs, 36mg PAC, 90 Vegi Capsules Utiva | Cranberry NS, 90 Capsules Pure Encapsulations | Optimized Cran-Max with Hibiscus, 60 Capsules Life Extension | CranActin Cranberry AF Extract, 400mg, 120 VegCaps Solaray | Cranberry Concentrate, 200 Capsules NOW Foods | AZO Cranberry Softgels with Pacran, 100 Count AZO | Triple Strength Cranberry with Vitamin C, 250 Softgels Nature's Bounty |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brand Score | 94/100Winner | 92/100 | 89/100 | 83/100 | 81/100 | 80/100 | 78/100 | 76/100 | 70/100 |
| Dosing & Form | 25/25Winner | 25/25 | 25/25 | 20/25 | 20/25 | 19/25 | 18/25 | 18/25 | 16/25 |
| Purity | 24/25Winner | 22/25 | 20/25 | 22/25 | 19/25 | 18/25 | 19/25 | 18/25 | 17/25 |
| Value | 22/25 | 22/25 | 22/25 | 18/25 | 20/25 | 22/25 | 23/25Winner | 22/25 | 21/25 |
| Transparency | 23/25Winner | 23/25 | 22/25 | 23/25 | 22/25 | 21/25 | 18/25 | 18/25 | 16/25 |
| Cost/Day | $0.59 | $0.79 | $0.56 | $0.37 | $0.38 | $0.55 | $0.10Winner | $0.20 | $0.14 |
| Dose/Serving | 36mg PAC | 36mg PAC | 36mg PAC | 500mg cranberry | 250mg cranberry (Cran-Max) | 400mg cranberry | 700mg cranberry | 500mg cranberry | 25200mg cranberry equivalent |
| Form | PAC-standardized cranberry extract (capsule) | Concentrated cranberry juice extract (capsule) | PAC-standardized cranberry extract (vegetarian capsule) | Cranberry fruit concentrate (vegetarian capsule) | Cranberry whole-fruit concentrate + hibiscus (vegetarian capsule) | Cranberry AF (anti-adherence) extract (vegetarian capsule) | Cranberry concentrate (capsule) | Cranberry whole-fruit powder (softgel) | Cranberry concentrate + vitamin C (softgel) |
| Third-Party Tested | ✓ Yes | No | No | ✓ Yes | ✓ Yes | No | No | No | No |
| Proprietary Blend | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Frequently Asked Questions
Did the 2023 Cochrane review actually change the verdict on cranberry?
Yes, substantively. The 2012 Jepson Cochrane review of 24 trials in 4,473 participants concluded cranberry did not significantly reduce UTI. The 2023 Williams Cochrane update, with 50 trials and 8,857 participants, concluded that cranberry products reduce symptomatic culture-verified UTI in women with recurrent UTI (relative risk 0.74, moderate certainty), in children (RR 0.46), and in patients post-bladder or kidney procedure (RR 0.53). The Williams review was more careful about distinguishing standardized PAC-dosed products from sugary cranberry juice cocktails, which contributed to the cleaner positive signal. It is the same systematic review program that produced both verdicts, and the 2023 conclusion is the current one to plan around.
What is the PAC dose I should look for on a cranberry product label?
Approximately 36mg of soluble A-type proanthocyanidins (PACs) per day, measured by the BL-DMAC method (sometimes written Brc-DMAC). This is the dose anchored by the European Medicines Agency, used in branded ingredients like Ellura and Theralogix TheraCran One, and supported by the Howell 2010 dose-response study showing that anti-adhesion activity at 24 hours requires meaningful PAC intake. Many cranberry products do not disclose PAC content at all; if a label says only 'cranberry concentrate 500mg' or 'cranberry fruit powder,' you have no way to know how much PAC you are getting. Products that disclose 36mg PAC by BL-DMAC are the ones aligned with the moderate-certainty evidence.
Cranberry vs D-mannose for UTI prevention - which one?
Different mechanisms, different evidence in 2026. Cranberry's A-type PACs bind P-fimbriae on uropathogenic E. coli; D-mannose binds FimH on type-1 fimbriae. Both end at the same anti-adhesion outcome. On evidence: the 2023 Williams Cochrane update favored standardized cranberry for recurrent UTI in women (RR 0.74), while the 2024 MAPLE trial (n=598, double-blind, primary care) found D-mannose 2g/day was no better than placebo. In a head-to-head reading, the post-2024 cranberry case is the stronger of the two. Some clinicians use both, but if you are picking one to start with, a 36mg PAC-standardized cranberry product has the more favorable recent meta-analytic data. Neither replaces antibiotic care for an acute infection.
Is cranberry juice cocktail as good as a standardized capsule?
No. Cranberry juice cocktail is sugar-sweetened (often 30-40g of sugar per 12oz serving), typically does not disclose PAC content, and the Williams 2023 Cochrane review's positive signal came primarily from standardized PAC-dosed products and properly dosed cranberry beverages, not from sugary cocktail. If you want to use a beverage form, look for one that discloses PAC content per serving (the Maki 2016 trial used a 240ml PAC-dosed beverage delivering a known PAC dose). For most people the capsule format is cleaner, cheaper per dose, and easier to maintain at the studied PAC target.
I take warfarin - can I take cranberry?
Only after consulting your prescriber. Cranberry can inhibit cytochrome P450 2C9, the enzyme that metabolizes warfarin, and case reports plus several pharmacokinetic studies have described INR elevation in patients who started cranberry juice or supplements. The interaction is not so dramatic that all warfarin patients must avoid cranberry entirely, but starting or stopping cranberry while on warfarin should be done with INR monitoring and ideally with a heads-up to your anticoagulation clinician. Do not self-add cranberry to a warfarin regimen.
Will cranberry cause kidney stones?
Probably not at standard supplement doses. Cranberry contains oxalates, and calcium oxalate is the most common kidney stone constituent, so there is a theoretical concern. The studies that raised this flag generally used high-volume cranberry juice intake (a liter or more daily) over weeks rather than standardized supplement doses delivering 36mg of PAC in a single capsule. People with a history of calcium oxalate stones should be cautious about high chronic intakes and should discuss with their urologist; at routine prevention doses the risk is small but not zero.
How long until cranberry works for recurrent UTI prevention?
The trials supporting cranberry's benefit ran for 12-24 weeks, with the Williams 2023 Cochrane review pooling trials of generally 6-12 months duration. The Howell 2010 work shows urinary anti-adhesion activity is present within hours of a single dose, but the clinically meaningful endpoint - fewer recurrent UTIs over time - is a several-month outcome, not a several-day one. Plan on at least 8-12 weeks of consistent daily PAC-standardized supplementation before assessing whether your personal recurrence pattern has changed, and continue as long as your underlying recurrent UTI risk is present.
Can I use cranberry to treat an active UTI?
No, see a clinician. An acute symptomatic UTI is a medical condition that requires evaluation and, in most cases, a short course of antibiotics. The Williams 2023 Cochrane review and the supporting trials all addressed prevention, not treatment of an established infection. Self-treating an acute UTI with cranberry risks ascending infection (pyelonephritis) and sepsis. Cranberry's role is prophylactic, not therapeutic.
Related Reading
Sources
- Williams G, Hahn D, Stephens JH, et al. Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023;4(4):CD001321.
- Jepson RG, Williams G, Craig JC. Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;10:CD001321.
- Wang CH, Fang CC, Chen NC, et al. Cranberry-containing products for prevention of urinary tract infections in susceptible populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(13):988-996.
- Maki KC, Kaspar KL, Khoo C, Derrig LH, Schild AL, Gupta K. Consumption of a cranberry juice beverage lowered the number of clinical urinary tract infection episodes in women with a recent history of urinary tract infection. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;103(6):1434-1442.
- Stapleton AE, Dziura J, Hooton TM, et al. Recurrent urinary tract infection and urinary Escherichia coli in women ingesting cranberry juice daily: a randomized controlled trial. Mayo Clin Proc. 2012;87(2):143-150.
- Howell AB, Botto H, Combescure C, et al. Dosage effect on uropathogenic Escherichia coli anti-adhesion activity in urine following consumption of cranberry powder standardized for proanthocyanidin content: a multicentric randomized double blind study. BMC Infect Dis. 2010;10:94.
- Juthani-Mehta M, Van Ness PH, Bianco L, et al. Effect of Cranberry Capsules on Bacteriuria Plus Pyuria Among Older Women in Nursing Homes: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2016;316(18):1879-1887.
- Hayward G, Mort S, Hay AD, et al. d-Mannose for Prevention of Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection Among Women: A Randomized Clinical Trial (MAPLE). JAMA Intern Med. 2024;184(6):619-628. (Comparator evidence for the alternative non-antibiotic prophylactic.)
FDA Disclaimer: These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. The products discussed on this page are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. Always consult with a qualified healthcare professional before starting any supplement regimen.